◆The function
Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12 (cobalamin). If sufficient amounts of cobalt are available in the diet of dairy cows, rumen microbes can synthesize all of the vitamin B12.
◆The deficiency
Ruminant animals are more sensitive to the lack of vitamin B12 than those of single stomach animals, mainly because of the extreme dependence on gluconeogenesis of ruminants to meet the needs of glucose. Early symptoms of cobalt deficiency include growth cessation, weight loss and weight loss. More severe symptoms include degradation of fat in the liver, anemia and mucosal pallor, and decreased resistance to infection caused by the loss of neutrophil function.
◆The function
Copper is a component of many enzymes, such as essential substances of cytochrome oxidase - aerobic respiration transfer; lysyl oxidase - catalyzed formation of collagen and elastin in Desmosine chain, thus ensuring bone and connective tissue firmness; plasma ceruloplasmin protein essential substances - the need for hemoglobin synthesis the absorption and transportation of iron; to the West arginase - West tyrosinase melanin synthesis process; super - oxide dismutase protects cells from the metabolism of oxygen toxicity, especially for h.bacteriophora cell functions play an important role.
◆The deficiency
The early symptoms of copper deficiency are hair pigmentation disorders, especially around the eyes. Ruminants have a unique clinical symptom of diarrhea. Other observable symptoms are anemia, bone fragility and osteoporosis, heart failure, slow growth, and an increased risk of depression. An easily observed phenomenon of copper deficiency is a decrease in immune function, and a decline in the ability of neutrophils to kill invading microorganisms that cause the body to become susceptible to infection.
◆The function
Iodine is a substance necessary for the synthesis of thyroxine and the three amino acids required for the regulation of energy metabolism.
◆The deficiency
Iodine deficiency can cause thyroid hormone is decreased, thereby slowing down the oxidation rate of all cells.
Newborn calf - enlarged thyroid gland, may also be hairless, weak or dead at birth.
Adult cattle - thyroid enlargement, reduced fecundity (bull and cow), increased incidence.
◆The function
The main function of iron is as a component of hemoglobin in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Iron is also the cofactor of the electron transfer chain, cytochrome oxidase, iron redox protein, bone marrow peroxidase, catalase, cytochrome P-450 enzyme.
◆The deficiency
When iron deficiency, due to the synthesis of hemoglobin can not be caused by the small red blood cell anemia. The symptoms of anemia calves are burnout, feed intake, weight gain slowly. Another important manifestation is the increased incidence and increased mortality caused by immune suppression.
◆The function
The change of bone is related to the activity of the enzyme and the enzyme. The two enzymes are important for the formation of the basic material of cartilage and bone. Manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD), combined with other antioxidants, reduced the amount of reactive oxygen species to the lowest level.
◆The deficiency
Manganese deficiency inhibits growth, causes skeletal deformities (shortening and deformation), disrupts or inhibits reproductive capacity and causes neonatal calf deformities (including ataxia due to hypoplasia of the inner ear).
◆The function
Selenium is a component of glutathione peroxidase. The enzyme converts hydrogen peroxide into water and is an important part of the antioxidant system in cells.
◆The deficiency
Selenium deficiency can cause myopathy and nutritional muscular dystrophy, including weakness and stiffness of the limbs, elbow flexion, muscle tremors. Animals often die of heart failure, a lack of critical or short-term selenium deficiency can cause slow growth, general weakness and diarrhea.
◆The function
Zinc is a component of many enzymes, such as copper zinc superoxide dismutase, carbonic anhydrase, carboxypeptidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and RNA polymerase, these are the effects of carbohydrate, protein, lipid and nucleic acid metabolism enzymes, zinc also regulate calcium protein, protein kinase C, thyroid hormone synthesis the receptor and inositol phosphate.
◆The deficiency
Zinc deficiency alters the synthesis of prostaglandins, which affects the function of the corpus luteum. Zinc is one of the components of thymosin, a hormone produced by thymus cells that regulates cellular immunity.
Literature:
National Research Council, 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle.
Becker, R., W. Neal, and A. L. Shealy. 1993. Effect of calcium - deficient roughage upon milk production and welfare of dairy cows. Fla. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. #262. Gainesville: University of Floria.
Smith, R. M., and H. R. Marston. 1970. Production absorption, distribution and excretion of vitamin B12 in sheep. Br. J Nutr.
Gawthome, J. M., J. Waston, and E. L. Stokstad. 1971. Automated methylmalonic acid assay. Anal. Biochem.
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